The process by which mRNA genetic information is used to synthesize proteins is called what?

The process by which mRNA genetic information is used to synthesize proteins is known as translation. During translation, the ribosome reads the sequence of mRNA nucleotides and assembles a chain of amino acids in the order dictated by that sequence, ultimately forming a protein. This process is crucial because proteins are essential for various cellular functions, including structural roles, enzyme activities, and signaling.

Transcription, on the other hand, refers to the process where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into mRNA, which serves as a template for translation. Replication involves duplicating DNA prior to cell division, ensuring that each new cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material. Cloning typically refers to creating a genetically identical copy of an organism or cell. Thus, translation specifically pertains to the synthesis of proteins from mRNA, making it the correct term for the process described.