What is the process by which DNA in chromosomes is duplicated prior to cell division?

The process by which DNA in chromosomes is duplicated before cell division is known as replication. During DNA replication, the double helix structure of DNA unwinds and each strand serves as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand. This ensures that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the original DNA when the cell divides.

Replication is a vital process for cell growth and reproduction, as it ensures genetic continuity. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle, allowing for the accurate distribution of genetic information. Each of the other options refers to different biological processes: transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from RNA, and cloning typically refers to creating a genetically identical copy of an organism or cell.